There are many articles available on the internet about the so-called ‘intrusive r’, but as a visitor to this blog has written asking me to correct people who “persist in inserting an extra [R] between the [W] and the [I] (of ‘drawing’) making the word into [DRAWRING] ! WRONG !!!!!”, perhaps yet another will not be out of place. I mentioned the word drawer and its confusion with draw in a previous post (here), but now for something longer.
Speakers of the English language can be divided in many ways. One of these is into the two classes of ‘rhotic’ and ‘non-rhotic’. By this is meant that some varieties of English pronounce all orthographic ‘r’, (the rhotic group), while others do not (the non-rhotic speakers).
Non-rhotic accents occur in most of England, the whole of Australia and New Zealand, South Africa, and some parts of the United States, notably New England and the South, although the position in US English is complicated and changing. Scotland, Ireland, Canada and most of the United States are traditionally thought of as being rhotic.
Non-rhoticity in English means that /r/ as a phoneme occurs only when the following sound is a consonant. Every pre-consonantal and pre-final orthographic ‘r’ is dropped. In accents of England, this has been noticed for over 200 years. The consequence of this r-dropping is that words such as idea and near, saw and sore, farm and calm now rhyme (/aɪˈdɪə/~/nɪə/, /sɔː/~/sɔː/, /fɑːm/~/kɑːm/). The majority of words ending in these vowel sounds (/ə, ɔː, ɑː/) similarly have no following orthographic ‘r’, but a minority do end in a written ‘r’. When a word such as near or sore is followed by another word, or a suffix, that begins with a vowel, the orthographic ‘r’ is pronounced, as it would be if the ‘r’ occurred at the beginning of a word, immediately before a vowel. So we get the phrase near and far /ˈnɪər ən ˈfɑː/, where the first orthographic ‘r’ is pronounced, or reversing the words: /ˈfɑːr ən ˈnɪə/. By analogy with these words, the rhyming words which happen not to end in ‘r’, acquire an /r/ sound in the same situations. Hence, the idea of … becomes /ðɪ ˈaɪdɪər əv …/ and drawing becomes /ˈdrɔːrɪŋ/.
My complainant says that “I consider it to be ignorance of the learning of pronunciation.” I suspect that he, like every other native speaker of English, learned his pronunciation from the people around him. As non-rhotics have been around for at least two hundred years, the current perpetrators of this horror (in his view) must have learned their errors from their parents, siblings and friends, just as he has learned his (presumably) rhotic ways from his.
14 Responses for "Intrusive r"
Non-rhoticity in English means that /r/ as a phoneme occurs only when the following sound is a consonant.
Is a vowel, presumably.
Also, note that both AAVE dialect and AAVE-influenced standard American English, which are non-rhotic, do not have either linking or intrusive /r/: /ˈfɑː ən ˈnɪə/, with hiatus, is normal.
There was a time when intrusive r after ɔ was unthinkable in RP, even between words, although after a schwa it was considered perfectly acceptable (and its lack was equally acceptable). But times have changed, and most speakers of contemporary RP wouldn’t blink at this feature. So far as I know, it has never been stigmatized in English regional speech, but I’m willing to stand corrected if I am mistaken.
Intrusive r is highly stigmatized in American speech – even where it is in common use, as it still is in the New York Metropolitan area, Boston, and – again, so far as I know – other parts of the American northeast.
The visitor is, in my view, mistaken. So long as the intended audience can understand what is being said, the speaker’s English – no matter what the accent – is not “wrong,” only different. There are too many forms of English around the world, and too many accents among speakers of these Englishes, to be quite so didactic about someone else’s accent.
It should be clear, I hope, that despite the stigmatization of intrusive r in American speech, and despite the fact that I don’t have intrusive r in my own speech, I don’t agree with those who perpetuate the stigma. It can be very difficult to let go of old prejudices, in language as about anything else, but prejudice is all it is.
John Cowan – Thanks for the correction! Stupid mistake. Obviously written too quickly.
In certain cases of intrusive R such as “Asia(r) and Africa” there is a need for _some_ articulatory gesture to mark the word boundary between the schwas of “Asia” and “and”. If intrusive R is not used, this could be a glottal stop, an increase in intensity, a small change in tongue position, etc.
However, in a case such as “draw(r)ing” or “law(r) and order” there is no such need. A pronunciation of /’drɔ:.ɪŋ/ is completely possible from a euphonic point of view. This makes me very interested in AmyStoller’s claim that intrusive R in such words is more recent, at least in RP, than that between schwas.
If anyone wants to go into the history etc of this topic they might like to look at http://www.yek.me,uk where the sixth article in Section 3 is “Linking /r/ in the General British pronunciation of English” which has quite a lot on the phenomenon in the twentieth century. A very recent study of the topic in the speech of television British newsreaders was part of a 2006 thesis by Dr Bente R. Hannisdal available for download as a pdf.
@Amy Stoller:
Do you happen to have any (written or spoken) evidence of stigmatisation of intrusive /r/ in American English?
@John Cowan:
Would you call Martin Luther King a member of the AAVE group?
Actually, /r/ can occur pre-consonantally in “non-rhotic” accents. You cannot be /sɪərjəs/! Oh yes I am.
Oh and by the way, isn’t “ferrule” a nice word?
John M,
Rhotic and non-rhotic are terms I never use coz they seem too sweeping etc. I prefer to describe accents as high-rhoticity and low-rhoticity. The lowest-rhoticity accent of English is deep-south US. As to pre-consonantal /r/s in the General British accent, I gave numerous examples in my article#4 at Section 3 of my website (www.yek.me.uk).
Jack,
A very sensible policy which I shall adopt.
Hey guys,
can anyone give me an example of an intrusive ‘r’ after the /a:/ sound?
How about “Panama and Mexico”: /ˈpænəmɑːrəm ˈmeksɪkəʊ/?
awsome thanks! I was confused because I thought the final /a:/ sound was actually an /ǝ/. But I guess you are right.
If you wanna help me with another problem I would appreciate it (even though it has nothing to do with the intrusive ‘r’). I’m not a native English speaker so pronunciation sometimes gives me a hard time.
The problem is that I have to find three ways in which the pronunciation of the word cease differs from sees. My suggestions are:
1.The final “s” in sees [si:z] is a voiced /z/ sound, whereas the “s” is voiceless in cease [si:s].
2.The duration of the vowel /i/ is slightly longer in sees than in cease.
3.The lip position of the /i/ vowel is slightly more spread in sees than it is in cease.
If anyone would like to comment on them please fell free to do so.
Paul – Your first two differences are quite right, but I don’t feel that I make any distinction in lip position between the two words. If you “have to” find three ways in which they are different, I imagine this must be for an assignment. Please let us all know the “correct” answer when you get it!
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